3ia 


Dunn 

Educative  Equipment 
for  rural  Schools 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


hirteenth  Series,  No.  3 


October  8,  1921 


Wmtf)tv^  College  bulletin 


EDUCATIVE  EQUIPMENT  FOR 
RURAL  SCHOOLS 

By 

Fanni  £  Wyche  ')unn,  Ph.D. 

Instructor  in  Rural  Educn  :ion,  Teachers  College 


P)  .'re  2j  cents 


/>  f'    Q   o  <^  • 

Published  by 

(ITeacfjersf  College,  Columlita  Winibtxiitp 

525  West  1 20th  Street 
New  York  City 


tKeacfjerjS  College  Jgullctin 

Thirteenth  Series,  No.  3  October  8,  1921 

Published  twelve  times  a  year:  Fortnightly  in  September,  October,  and  May, 
and  monthly  from  November  to  April,  inclusive.  Entered  as  second-class  mat- 
ter January  15,  1910,  at  the  Post  Office,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  under  Act  of 
August  24,  19 1 2. 

Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  section 
1 103,  Act  of  October  3,  191 7,  authorized. 


Copyright,  1921,  by  Teachers  College 


i 


J) 


9 


EDUCATIVE  EQUIPMENT  FOR 
RURAL  SCHOOLS* 

It  has  been  said  that  a  child  learns  more  in  the  first  seven  years 
of  his  life  than  in  all  the  rest  of  it.  What  he  learns  in  these  early 
years  is  practically  all  through  his  unceasing  activities.  The  little 
child  is  always  busy  about  something.  It  is  reasonable  to  believe 
that  within  the  school,  as  well  as  without  it,  children  should  be 
busy  doing,  and  learning  by  doing. 

If  this  is  to  be  the  case,  there  must  be  available  in  the  school 
something  with  which  to  do — books  to  read,  pictures  to  look  at, 
tools  and  raw  materials  for  purposes  of  construction.    Attention 
is  called  to  the  fact  that  such  equipment  is  especially  necessary  in 
small  country  schools.   Whereas  the  teacher  in  the  city  school  can 
'^     give  all  her  time  and  attention  to  one  grade,  the  country  teacher 
^     must  divide  the  six  hours  of  her  school  day  among  all  the  grades 
^   from  first  through  eighth.    Usually  no  class  in  such  a  school  re- 
^■^   ceives  more  than  an  hour  and  a  half  of  the  teacher's  time  in  the 
course  of  the  day,  and  all  too  frequently  the  first  grade  children 
get  less  than  this.  If  they  are  to  make  progress  at  all  commensurate 
V    with  that  of  children  in  larger  schools,  there  must  be  some  means 
^     of  education  for  them  other  than  the  actual  instruction  which  the 
teacher  has  time  to  give.   And  this  means  of  education,  especially 
for  the  younger  children,  must  be  something  else  than  studying  les- 
sons from  books,  for  little  children  cannot  yet  read  well  enough  to 
^   learn  from  books,  and  they  have  not  yet  learned  to  hold  their  atten- 
-^   tion  long  on  set  tasks  not  interesting  in  themselves.    But  they  are 
running  over  with  energy  and  are  experienced  and  able  in  learning 
through  activities  of  many  kinds,  and  means  for  such  educational 
activity  should  be  provided  for  them. 

In  general  a  child  at  home  or  in  school  may  be  educationally 
active  in  one  of  five  ways. 

*AcKNOVVT-EDGEMENTS.  Thanks  are  due  and  are  gratefully  extended  to  Professor 
Annie  E.  Moore,  Miss  Grace  Brown,  and  Miss  Sara  Patrick,  of  Teachers  College,  and 
to  students  in  my  supervision  courses,  for  much  help  in  compiling  the  material  of  this 
bulletin. 


4  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

1.  He  may  be  "making  something,"  working  out  an  idea;  con- 
structing something  which  until  he  makes  it  exists  only  in  his  mind, 
in  his  imagination.  This  necessitates  materials  such  as  wood,  paper, 
clay,  or  metal,  and  tools,  such  as  scissors,  hammer,  nails,  etc. 
The  working  out  of  an  idea  may  take  a  slightly  different  form.  It 
may  be  "just  playing"  instead  of  "making  something."  A  child  or  a 
group  of  children  work  out  their  ideas  of  a  store  in  '"playing  store," 
their  ideas  of  the  family  in  "playing  house,"  etc.  Dramatization  is 
thus  a  form  of  construction  as  truly  as  making  a  box.  It  needs  cer- 
tain simple  equipment,  though  the  child's  power  of  make  believe  is 
so  strong  that  this  may  be  very  simple,  and  yet  very  efficacious. 

2.  He  may  be  getting  enjoyment  from  looking  at  pictures,  or 
reading,  or  hearing  music.  This  requires  the  provision  of  books  or 
pictures  or  music  to  be  enjoyed. 

3.  He  may  be  finding  something  out,  observing  or  thinking  or 
"studying"  until  he  works  out  for  himself  the  question  he  wants  an- 
swered. This  may  necessitate  such  equipment  as  museum  collec- 
tions, jars  and  pens  in  which  insects  or  animals  may  be  kept,  a 
magnifying  glass,  or  reference  books  within  his  power  to  use. 

4.  He  may  be  gaining  some  skill,  as  learning  to  handle  scissors 
deftly,  or  making  a  freehand  drawing,  or  adding  rapidly,  or  learning 
to  read.  For  these,  tools  to  handle,  books  to  read,  pencil  and  paper 
with  which  to  write  and  draw,  and  similar  practice  materials  are 
essential. 

5.  He  may  be  playing  games.  To  some  extent  this  form  of 
activity  includes  or  involves  all  the  others.  As  in  "just  playing," 
there  is  an  element  of  construction;  pure  enjoyment  is  the  strongest 
motive  for  engaging  in  games;  often  a  game  consists  in  working 
out  some  problem  or  puzzling  situation ;  and  frequently  it  involves 
skills. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  bulletin  to  suggest  equipment  that  will 
stimulate  and  make  possible  activity  that  educates.  Not  all  such 
equipment  needs  to  be  bought;  much  of  it  may  be  home  made  or 
home  collected. 

There  are  advantages  and  disadvantages  in  each.  The  chief 
advantage  of  commercial  material  is  that  it  saves  the  time  of  the 
busy  teacher,  an  especially  important  consideration  in  multigraded 
schools.  If  a  set  of  word  cards  can  be  bought  for  fifty  cents,  it  is 
foolish  for  a  teacher  to  spend  three  hours  printing  them  by  hand. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  5 

Some  commercial  material,  also,  such  as  a  few  of  the  important 
tools,  have  no  homemade  or  makeshift  substitute  that  can  take 
their  place. 

Where  equipment  can  be  collected  or  made  by  the  children  in 
response  to  a  feeling  of  need  on  their  part,  there  is  usually  more 
educational  value  to  be  got  out  of  the  making  or  collecting  than 
there  would  be  from  the  buying.  Expensive  toy  automobiles,  for 
example,  are  nowhere  near  as  valuable  in  developing  a  child's 
mind  and  character  as  those  he  makes  for  himself  of  scraps  of  tin 
and  wood.  From  the  latter,  he  gets  exercise  in  independence,  in- 
genuity, initiative,  and  many  other  worthwhile  traits;  from  the 
former  he  gets  only  a  painted  toy.  But  with  children  as  with 
teachers,  the  cost  in  time  is  sometimes  out  of  all  proportion  to  the 
educational  value  received.  It  would  not,  for  example,  be  wise  to 
force  a  child  to  make  a  pen-knife  do  the  work  of  a  saw.  There  is 
no  mistake  greater  than  the  rather  common  idea  that  a  child's  time 
is  of  no  value.  Always,  therefore,  when  a  homemade  substitute  is 
considered  for  a  piece  of  bought  equipment,  the  important  question 
is  not,  "How  much  money  will  be  saved?"  but,  "Is  the  educational 
value  from  making  it  worth  the  time  it  costs?" 

In  the  following  pages,  desirable  school  equipment  is  classified 
under  the  general  heads  of  Equipment  Mainly  for  the  Teacher's 
Use  and  Equipment  Mainly  for  Children's  Use.  The  latter  is  sub- 
divided into  Materials  for  Construction,  Materials  for  Enjoyment, 
Materials  for  Problem  Solving,  Materials  for  Gaining  Skills,  and 
Games.  Under  each  of  these  heads  are  listed  both  materials  that 
may  be  bought  and  home-found  substitutes  where  substitutes  are 
possible. 

EQUIPMENT  MAINLY  FOR  TEACHERS'  USE  i 

Paper  Cutter 
"The  Monarch,"  No.  4362,  12  in.  blade.  $6.00. 
"The  National,"  No.  4545,  18  in.  blade.   $18.00. 

Milton  Bradley  Co.,  New  York  City. 

1  For  practically  all  of  these  there  is  no  efficient  homemade  substitute.   It  is  wasteful 
of  the  teacher's  time  to  do  without  these  helps. 

Addresses  of  firms  are  given  the  first  time  they  are  mentioned. 
Prices  in  this  bulletin  are  only  approximate.    They  were  taken  from  catalogs  at 
the  date  of  this  writing,  but  should  always  be  verified  from  most  recent  catalogs  when 
ordering. 


6  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

Eyelet  Punch  or  Multiple  Perforator.  The  latter  is  preferable. 

"Solidhed"  Eyelet  Punch.  ?i.50.  Milton  Bradley  Co.,  or  A.  Flanagan  Co., 
Chicago. 

Multiple  Perforator  No.  i.    Punches  three  sizes  of  holes.    Milton  Bradley  Co., 

$4.00. 

Rubber  Type  Printing  Outfit.  Large,  for  charts. 
No.  3,  Milton  Bradley  Co.,  height  of  letter  i)4".  $4.50. 
No.  C,  A.  Flanagan  Co.,  height  of  letter  yg"-   $4-00. 
Others  made  by  Fulton  Specialty  Co.,  128-142  Fulton  Street,  Elizabeth,  N.  J. 

Hectograph 

10"  X  12K"  with  ink.   Milton  Bradley  Co.   $3.00. 

Printing  Pens 

Spoonbill  Lettering  Pens,  Nos.  2,  3,  and  5.  10  cents  each.  Prang  Co.,  New 
York  City. 

Oak  Tag.    Or  other  tag  board  as  jute  tag,  red  tag.  etc. 

100  sheets  9  x  12.   70  cents. 

Prang  Co.;  Henry  Lindenmeyer  &Sons,  18  Beekman  St.,  N.  Y.  C;  J.  E.  Linde, 
84  Beekman  St.,  N.  Y.  C;  Northwestern  School  Supply  Co.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Mounts.  For  pictures. 

Lined  pulp  board  No.  80.  320  mounts  (13  x  17)4)  to  a  bundle.  Sold  in  bundles 
or  smaller  lots.  Very  reasonably  priced.  Coy-Hunt  Co.,  4th  Ave.  and  Lafayette 
St.,  N.  Y.  C. 

Other  mount  boards  obtainable  from  Lindenmeyer  and  Sons  and  J.  E.  Linde. 

EQUIPMENT  MAINLY  FOR  PUPILS'  USE 

MATERIALS  FOR  CONSTRUCTION  (COMMMERCIAL) 

Scissors 

5  in.  Semiroundcd  points.  Screw  rivet.  Milton  Bradley  No.  4  recommended. 
Preferably  one  pair  for  every  child  in  school,  at  least  one  for  every  two  children, 
or  one  for  every  child  in  grades  i  to  3.   Milton  Bradley  Co.   $2.75  per  doz. 

Foot  Rulers 

One  for  each  child.  The  Primary  School  Ruler,  graduated  in  quarter  inches, 
for  use  in  lowest  grades.   Milton  Bradley  Co.   $1.50  per  gross. 

Metal  edge  rulers  for  third  grade  and  above.  Any  school  supply  company. 
$4.60  per  gross. 

Pencils.  For  drawing  and  writing. 

For  little  children,  pencils  of  large  diameter  are  desirable  for  both  these  purposes. 
Bradley's  Beginners'  Lead  Pencils  are  recommended.  Milton  Bradley  Co.  $4.50 
per  gross. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  7 

For  older  pupils,  a  good  quality  of  writing  pencil  should  always  be  provided, 
neither  too  hard  nor  too  soft.  The  Eagle  Mikado  No.  2  is  a  good  pencil.  A. 
Flanagan  Co.  $4.60  per  gross. 

Special  drawing  pencils  are  also  highly  desirable.  These  usually  come  in  three 
grades,  soft,  medium,  and  hard.  The  Eagle  School  Drawing  Pencil  may  be  had 
in  five  grades,  extra  soft,  soft,  soft  medium,  medium  black,  and  medium.  Names 
and  prices  of  a  few  drawing  pencils  follow: 

Bradley's  drawing  pencil,  three  grades,  Milton  Bradley  Co.    $3.50  per  gross. 

Eagle  school  drawing  pencil.  No.  845,  extra  soft;  No.  846  soft;  No.  847  soft 
medium;  No.  848  medium  black;  No.  849  Medium.  A.  Flanagan  Co.  $3.00  per 
gross. 

Eagle  draughting  pencil.  No.  314,  A.  Flanagan  Co.    $4.65  per  gross. 

Colored  Crayons 

Several  well-known  brands,  with  prices  and  dealers,  are  listed  below,  but 
others  may  be  obtained.   See  catalogs  of  the  dealers  making  the  brands  listed. 

Embeco  Crayons,  No.  i,  8  colors.    Milton  Bradley  Co.    10  cents  per  box. 

Crayola,  No.  99A.   Binney  and  Smith,  81-83  Fulton  St.,  New  York  City. 

American,  Box  No.  439.   American  Crayon  Co.,  Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Crayonex,  Box  No.  3,  8  colors.   Prang  Co.    10  cents  per  box. 

Crayonex,  Box  No.  4,  16  colors.    Prang  Co.   20  cents  per  box. 

Water  Colors 

Box  No.  A  13,  3  colors,  4  pans,  wooden  handled  brush.   Milton  Bradley  Co. 
$4.80  per  doz. 

Box  No.  Bi,  8  colors,  4  pans,  quill  brush.    Milton  Bradley  Co.   $6.00  per  doz. 

Prang,  Box  No.  i,  3  colors,  4  pans,  quill  brush.    Prang  Co.    25  cents  per  box. 

Prang,  Box  No.  2,  same,  with  wooden  handled  brush.  Prang  Co.  25  cents  per 
box. 

Water  Pans 

Should  be  ilat  and  not  easily  tipped  and  preferably  of  china  rather  than  metal. 
May  be  bought  from  any  art  supply  house;  or  small  porcelain  baking  dishes  may 
be  used  instead.  Prang  Co.,  Milton  Bradley  Co.,  A.  Flanagan  Co.  50  cents  per 
doz. 

Paint  Brushes 

Large  wash  brushes  are  desirable  for  little  children's  work  in  coloring  large  flat 
surfaces.   Milton  Bradley  Co.    10  cents  each. 

Drawing  Paper 

No.  20  Manila  9  x  12.   90  cents  per  ream. 

No.  20  Manila  12  x  18.   $1.80  per  ream. 

Squared  paper  9  x  12,  ruled  yi,  in.  squares.     $1.50  per  ream. 
Milton  Bradley  Co. 
Construction  Papers 

Colored  construction  papers,  about  5  colors,  100  sheets  each,  12  x  18",  for  a 
school  of  25  to  30  children.  Milton  Bradley  Co.  or  Prang  Co.  $1.00  a  package  of 
50  sheets. 


8  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

Lindenmeyer's  "Rugby"  paper,  a  tough  brown  wrapping  paper  of  differing 
weights,  sheets  24  x  36.  No.  701  a  good  weight.  Henry  Lindenmeyer  Co.  $2.00 
for  100  sheets. 

Paste 

Quart  jar  for  a  school  of  25  pupils.  Milton  Bradley's  Adehezo  recommended. 
Milton  Bradley  Co.,  85  cents  a  quart  jar. 

Clay 

From  50  to  100  lbs.  to  a  school  of  25  pupils,  if  clay  modeling  is  to  be  frequently 
practiced.  Desirable  to  use  native  clays,  but  if  such  are  not  available,  clay  flour 
may  be  bought,  which  is  made  ready  for  use  by  adding  water.  Milton  Bradley 
Co.  or  Prang  Co.   5  cents  per  lb. 

Weaving  Materials 

Macreme  Cord,  for  warp.   Milton  Bradley  Co.  25  cents  per  3  oz.  ball. 

Woodworking  Tools 

**Hammer,  12  oz.  adze  eye,  bell  *Bit  brace,  7"  sweep.  .   $2.10 

face $  .86  Augur  bits,   ^i",   H ", 

Ripsaw,  20",  8  pts 2.15-up  'A",  H",  Va",  I  ".  .  .38-.73 

**Crosscut  saw,  20",  10  pts 2.15-up  Counter  sink 25 

Back  saw,  10"  No.  4 1.70  Gauge  No.  77 95 

*Key  hole  saw 34-up  Try  square 60 

*Coping  saw  No.   no,  with  i  **Screw  driver  or  screw 

doz.  extra  blades  to  each  driver  bit 20-up 

frame.    30c.  each.    Per  doz.     3.24  *Vise i.io-up 

*Miter  box 1.75  **Pliers lO-up 

Chisels,  ><',  K",  I " i6-$i.oo       Level 32-up 

Wooden  mallet,  2}i"  face,  No.  Plumb 72-up 

3 30  **Gimlet lo-up 

Jack  Plane  No.  5 4.10  **Nails,  screws,  tacks. 

Hammacher,  Schlemmer  &  Company,  New  York  City,  or  a  general  school 
supply  house. 

Note.  This  is  not  a  minimum  list.  The  number  of  different  tools  to  be  included 
will  depend  upon  the  ability  of  the  teacher  or  pupils  to  make  use  of  them,  as  well  as 
on  economy.  The  most  essential  of  the  list  are  starred.  Those  which  are  practically 
minimum  essentials  for  any  woodwork  at  all  are  double  starred.  Cheaper  tools  of 
poorer  quality  can  be  made  to  serve  in  some  cases.  Good  tools  may  be  obtained  at 
local  hardware  stores. 

Gardening  Tools 

The  supply  needed  varies  In  different  situations.  Tools  should  be  stout  and  of 
good  quality.  It  is  extravagant  to  buy  cheap  materials  in  garden  tools.  Light 
weight  and  small  size  hoes  and  rakes  are  desirable  for  smaller  pupils.  Tools  usually 
needed  include  rakes,  ten  or  twelve  tooth;  hoes,  square  and  heart  shaped;  trowels; 
one  or  more  spading  forks;  one  or  more  shovels;  a  hatchet;  watering  pots  or 
hose;  garden  line;  measuring  tape;  and  hand  weeders.  May  be  obtained  of  local 
hardware  store,  or  of  Hammacher,  Schlemmer  &  Co.   See  their  catalog  No.  547. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  9 

Hot  Lunch  Outfit 

This  also  varies  with  conditions.  No  list  is  given  here,  because  so  many  are 
available  in  free  publications.  Good  lists  are  to  be  found  in  the  following  bulle- 
tins: "Lunches  for  the  Rural  School,"  University  College  of  Agriculture,  Lincoln, 
Neb.;  "The  School  Lunch,"  Pennsylvania  State  College  of  Agriculture,  State 
College,  Pa.;  "Hot  School  Lunch  Project,"  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  East 
Lansing,  Mich.;  "Home  Economics  in  Village  and  Rural  Schools,"  State  Agricul- 
tural College,  Manhattan,  Kansas;  "Rural  School  Lunches,"  University  of  Idaho, 
Moscow,  Idaho;  and  "The  Lunch  Hour  at  School,"  Department  of  the  Interior, 
Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Sewing  Outfit 

Also  variable.  Scissors,  needles,  thread  and  thimbles  are  a  minimum  supply. 
It  is  desirable  that  there  be  large  scissors  for  cutting  out  as  well  as  smaller  ones  for 
snipping,  and  a  table  of  sufficient  size  for  cutting  out,  folding  sewing  tables  being 
especially  recommended.  A  sewing  machine  is  very  desirable. 

Other  Outfits,  Miscellaneous 

Individual  outfits  for  sheet  metal  work,  shoe  repairing,  painting  and  varnishing, 
millinery,  leather  working,  and  art  metal  work  are  described  in  "Suggestions  for 
Gifts  to  Children,"  a  circular  issued  by  the  Junior  Achievement  Bureau,  which 
may  be  obtained  free  by  applying  to  Bureau  Office,  168  Bridge  Street,  Springfield, 
Mass. 

MATERIALS  FOR  CONSTRUCTION   (hOME  PROCURED) 
Paper 

1.  Smooth  sheets  of  wrapping  paper  of  all  kinds,  for  cutting,  folding,  and  book- 
let making. 

2.  Wrappers  from  Kodak  films,  furnishing  black  paper  for  silhouette  work. 

3.  Ribbon  paper,  from  ribbon  bolts,  for  playing  store,  paper  cutting,  etc. 

4.  Tin  foil. 

5.  Lace  paper  from  candy  and  soap  boxes. 

6.  Tissue  paper,  for  making  doll  dresses,  etc. 

7.  Wall  paper,  both  the  printed  and  the  plain  sides. 

8.  Newspaper,  for  stuffing  rag  dolls,  etc.,  for  making  paper  pulp,  or  making 
birds  and  animals  for  the  sand  table,  for  soldier  caps,  etc. 

9.  Paper  bags,  for  making  balloons,  masks,  dolls,  etc. 

Cardboard 

1.  Suit  boxes,  hat  boxes,  thread  boxes,  candy  boxes,  Uneeda  and  similar 
cracker  boxes,  Quaker  cereal  boxes. 

2.  Milk  bottle  tops  for  wheels. 

3.  Tablet  backs. 

4.  Corrugated  cardboard  from  book  wrappings  or  Mason  jar  packing  boxes. 

Wood 

1.  Orange  crates,  goods  boxes  or  crates,  cigar  boxes,  chalk  boxes. 

2.  Scrap  wood  from  house  building,  from  box  factories,  from  wagon  factories. 

3.  Spools,  large  bobbins  from  knitting  mills,  film  spools. 


lO  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

Weaving  Materials 

1.  Scraps  of  soft  dress  goods  and  old  stockings  for  rag  weaving. 

2.  Honeysuckle  vines,  grasses,  corn-husks,  and  pine  needles  for  baskets.  This 
basketry  work  is  probably  too  hard  for  the  primary  grades. 

Modeling  Materials 

1.  Native  clay. 

2.  Paper  pulp.  Recipe:  "To  make  pulp  of  paper  mache,  tear  any  waste  paper 
(newspaper  or  writing  paper  will  do)  into  pieces  not  larger  than  one  Inch  square 
Fill  a  bucket  with  these  bits  of  paper  and  pour  over  it  about  a  gallon  of  hot 
water  (boiling).  Let  the  paper  soak  for  five  or  six  hours  and  then  drain  ofif  the 
excess  water.  If  now  the  mass  of  wet  paper  is  worked  vigorously  with  a  stick, 
churning  it  and  thus  tearing  the  bits  of  paper  very  fine,  you  will  have,  at  the  end 
of  a  few  minutes,  an  excellent  quality  of  paper  pulp." 

3.  Clay  substitute.  Recipe:  "Take  equal  parts  of  flour  and  water  and  a  double 
quantity  of  salt.   Mix  and  boil  till  it  makes  a  hard  ball." 

4.  Relief  map  material.  Recipe:  "Use  4  cups  of  salt  to  i  cup  of  corn  starch. 
Heat  the  salt  to  a  very  high  temperature.  Mix  the  cornstarch  and  water  to  the 
consistency  of  thin  cream,  pour  into  the  hot  salt,  and  mix  thoroughly." 

Chain  Materials 

1.  Macaroni  or  spaghetti,  cut  In  short  lengths  and  decorated  with  water  colors. 

2.  Berries,  rosehips,  dyed  corn. 

3.  Sliced  carrots,  strung  when  fresh  cut  and  allowed  to  dry. 

4.  Straw  or  swamp  grass,  cut  in  lengths. 

5.  Paper  beads. 

Library  Paste 

Recipe:  "i  cup  of  flour,  i  quart  of  water,  i  tablespoonful  alum,  10  drops  of 
oil  of  cloves.  Bring  water  and  alum  to  boiling  point,  add  flour  mixed  with  water 
to  form  a  smooth  paste,  and  boil  in  a  double  boiler  for  20  minutes.  Add  the  oil 
of  cloves  and  strain. 

Miscellaneous 

Furniture  catalogs,  fashion  books,  advertisements,  etc.,  for  cutting  out  pictures 
to  be  used  in  various  ways. 

MATERIALS    FOR   ENJOYMENT    (COMMERCIAL) 
Books 

Books  suitable  and  at  the  same  time  attractive  for  little  children  are  not  abund- 
ant and  are  usually  expensive.  Primers  and  first  and  second  readers  usually 
furnish  good  reading  in  simple  and  attractive  form  and  the  best  of  these  should 
be  part  of  the  school  library.  Usually  at  Christmas  many  very  good  books  may 
be  found  in  the  ten-cent  stores  by  those  who  know  how  to  sort  out  the  good 
from  the  worthless.  The  following  books,  some  at  five  cents  and  some  at  ten 
cents,  and  all  in  good  print  and  with  good  pictures,  were  purchased  at  ten-cent 
stores  last  Christmas. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  1 1 

Three  Liltle  Kittens.   Pictures  by  A.  E.  Kennedy. 

Red  Riding  Hood.   Pictures  by  Gordon  Robinson. 

Ten  Little  Piggies.   Pictures  by  A.  E.  Kennedy. 

Mother  Goose.   (Old  Mother  Goose,  when  she  wanted  to  wander).    Pictures  by 

Gordon  Robinson. 
One,  Two,  Buckle  My  Shoe. 
The  Three  Bears.   Pictures  by  A.  E.  Kennedy. 
My  A  nimal  ABC. 
Farmyard  ABC. 
Baby's  First  Lesson. 
Noah's  Ark.   Pictures  by  A.  E.  Kennedy. 

All  the  above  are  published  by  Samuel  Gabriel  Sons  and  Co.,  New  York. 
The  House  that  Jack  Built. 
The  Little  Indian  Hiaicatha. 
The  Night  before  Christmas. 

These  three  are  published  by  M.  A.  Don?.hue  &  Co.,  Chicago. 
Mother  Goose  Book  of  Rhymes.    Pictures  by  Margaret  Evans  Price.    Published 

by  Stecher  Litho.  Co.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Peter  Rabbit. 
Simple  Simon.   Muslin  Book. 

These  two  are  published  by  the  Saalfield  Publishing  Co.,  Akron,  Ohio,  New 
York  City,  and  Chicago. 

The  following  list  consists  of  more  expensive  books  from  which  should  be 
selected  as  many  as  possible  for  the  primary  children's  library. 

BOOKS  FOR  BEGINNERS 

*Peter  Rabbit.    Beatrix  Potter.    F.  Warne  and  Co.,  New  York.    ■> 
*This  Little  Pig's  Picture  Book.   Walter  Crane.   Stone  &  Kimball,  Chicago. 
*The  Hey  Diddle  Diddle  Picture  Book.    R.  Caldecott,  F.  Warne  &  Co. 
The  Edward  Lear  Alphabet  Book.    Reilly  and  Button  Co.,  Chicago. 
Over  in  the  Meadow.   Olive  Wadsworth.   Morgan  Shepard  Co.,  New  York. 
Mother  Earth's  Children,  or  The  Frolic  of  the  Fruits  and  Vegetables.    Gordon  & 

Ross.   P.  F.  Volland  and  Co.,  New  York. 
Rhymes  for  Kindly  Children.   Snyder  and  Gruelle.   P.  F.  Volland  and  Co. 
*Liltle  Black  Sambo.    Helen  Bannerman.   Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.,  N.  Y. 
*The  Night  Before  Christmas.  Any  well  illustrated  edition. 
*Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin.   Illustrated  by  Kate  Greenaway.   F.  Warne  &  Co. 
*Clean  Peter  and  the  Children  of  Grubbylea.  Translated   by  Ada  Wallas.    Long- 
mans, Green  &  Co.   New  York. 
*Mother  Goose.  Any  well  illustrated  edition.   The  Volland  Edition  and  the  Rand 
McNally  edition  with  pictures  by  Blanche  Fisher  Wright,  and  the  Jessie 
Wilcox  Smith  Edition,  Mead  Co.,  are  particularly  good. 
Mother  Hubbard' s  Picture  Book,  Red  Riditig  Hood  Picture  Book,  Cinderella  Picture 
Book,  and  Blue  Beard's  Picture  Book  are  other  Crane  picture  books,  published 
by  John  Lane  Co.,, New  York.    All  of  these  except  the  first  have  rather  small 
print  or  long  stories. 


12  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

*  Nursery  Rhymes  (i  vol.).    Beautifully  illustrated  or  in  small  book  series: 

Rhymes  and  Lullabies,  Songs  and  Ditties,  Tales  and  Jingles.   F.  Warne  &  Co. 
*Bunny  Rabbit's  Diary.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 

Rhymes  and  Tales  for  Children.   E.  A.  Blaisdell. 
*The  Little  Red  Hen.   In  verse.  Any  edition. 

Three  Little  Pigs.   F.  Warne  &  Co. 

The  Tailor  and  the  Crow.   F.  Warne  &  Co. 

*  Johnny  Crow's  Garden.   F.  Warne  &  Co. 

*  Johnny  Crow's  Party.  F.  Warne  &  Co. 
Three  Bears.  John  Lane  Co. 

*Three  Blind  Mice.  F.  Warne  &  Co. 

*The  Flopsy  Bunnies.   Beatrix  Potter.  F.  Warne  &Co. 

*  Stories  for  the  Seven  Year  Old.  Lovey  Chisholm.  Stokes  Co. 

*Free  and  Treadwell's  Reading  Literature  Primer  and  First  Reader.   Rowe,  Peterson 

&  Co.,  Chicago. 
*The  Story  Hour.   Coe  and  Christie.   First  Year.  American  Book  Co.,  N.  Y. 
*The  Folklore  Reader.   Osgood,  Book  I,  Atkmson,  Mentzer  &  Grover,  Chicago. 
*Progressive  Road,   Book  I.   Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.,  N.  Y. 
*Edson-Lang  Reader.   Book  I.   B.  H.  Sanborn  &  Co.,  N.  Y. 
*Beacon  First  Reader.  Ginn  &  Co.,  N.  Y. 
^Riverside  Primer  and  First  Reader.   Houghton  Mifflin  Co.,  N.  Y. 

*  Child's  World  Primer  and  First  Reader.   B.  F.  Johnson  Co.,  Richmond,  Va. 
*Dutch  Twins  Primer.   Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

*Winston  Primer  and  First  Reader.  John  C.  Winston  Co.,  Philadelphia. 
A  Child's  Own  Book  of  Verse.  Skinner.   Macmillan  Co. 
Little  Rhymes  for  Little  Readers.  Seegmiller. 
*Note.    Starred  books  are  particularly  desirable. 

OTHER  BOOKS  FOR  GRADES  I  TO  III 

*Seven  Little  Sisters. 


*EachandAll.  ^Andrews.     Ginn  &  Co. 

*  Around  the  World.  Volume  I.  Silver,  Burdett  &  Co. 

*  Fairy  Stories  and  Fables. 


^,,  o,     ■       r  .,     r-    ^  ( Baldwin.   American  Book  Co. 

Old  citones  oj  the  hast. 

*  Banbury  Cross  Stories.   Chas.  E.  Merrill,  New  York. 

*  Merry  Animal  Tales.   Bigham.   Little,  Brown  &  Co.,  Boston. 
Cherry  Tree  Children. 


rr.    .,■  J.  c..     ■  f  Blaisdell.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 

1  wiltght  otortes.  J 

The  Doings  of  a  Dear  Little  Couple.    Brine. 

*The  Dramatic  Readers.   Book  I  and  II.   Bryce.   Chas.  Scribner's  Sons,  N.  Y. 

*  Through  the  Looking  Glass.    1  p        .. 

*  Alice  in  Wonderland.  J 
*The  Tree  Dwellers.         J 

*The  Early  Cave  Men.     [  Dopp.  Rand  McNally  &  Co.,  N.  Y.  C. 

*The  Later- Cave  Men.     J 

*Great  Americans  for  Little  Americans.   Eggleston.  American  Book  Co. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  13 

Eugene  Field  Reader.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons. 
*The  Indian  Primer.  Fox.  American  Book  Co. 

*  Just-So  Stories.   Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

Little  Red  Riding  Hood,  and  The  Seven  Little  Kids.   Educational  Pub.  Co. 
*Classic  Stories.   McMurry.   Public  School  Pub.  Co.,  Bloomington,  111. 

*  Adventures  of  a  Brownie.    \  ^.^^^^^-^^^^^  p^b.  Co. 
Bow-wow  and  Meiv-mew.    J 

*The  Dutch  Twins.    1  p^^j^;_^^_   Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
*The  Cave  Twms.      J 

Reynard  the  Fox.  American  Book  Co. 

*Fables,  Folk  Stories,  and  Legends.  Scudder.   Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
*Little  Dramas.   Skinner.  American  Book  Co. 

Tibby  and  Tabby.   Duffield  Co.  N.  Y. 
*Eskimo  Stories.   Smith.    Rand  McNally  Co. 
*Roggie  and  Reggie.   Harper  &  Bros.,  N.  Y. 

*  Arabella  and  Araminta.   Thompson,  Brown  &  Co.,  N.  Y. 
*Child's  Garden  of  Verses.  Stevenson. 

*Folklore  Stories  and  Proverbs.   Wiltse. 

*When  Great  Folks  Were  Little  Folks.   Dorothy  D.  Calhoun. 

Story  Without  an  End.   F.  W.  Carvre,  Trans.  Sarah  Austin.    D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 

Little  Red  Riding  Hood.     , 

Hansel  and  Gretel. 

Sleeping  Beauty.  Penn.  Pub.  Co. 

Jack  and  the  Beanstalk.     J 

Stories  for  the  Eight  Year  Old.   Fred.  Stokes  &  Co. 

In  Fairyland.   Lovey  Chisholm.   G.  T.  Putnam's  Sons. 

How  Mr.  Rabbit  Lost  His  Tail.   Harper  Bros. 
*Overall  Boys  in  Switzerland.   Rand  McNally  Co. 
*Sunbonnet  Babies  in  Holland.   Rand  McNally  Co. 

*Little  House  in  the  Woods.    Clara  Whitehill  Hunt.    Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
*Tales  from  Afar.   Catherine  T.  Bryce.   Newson  &  Co.,  N.  Y. 
*Goop  Tales.  Gelett  Burgess.   Stokes  Co. 

*  Fairy  Tales  a  Child  Can  Read  and  Act.   Lilian  E.  Nixon.   Doubleday,  Page  &Co. 

*  Mother  West  Wind  .Stories.   Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
Adventures  of  Bobby  Coon. 

*  Adventures  of  Buster  Bear. 

*  Adventures  of  Grandfather  Frog.     \  Illus.  by  Harrison  Cody.   Little,  Brown  &  Co. 

*  Adventures  of  Red  Squirrel. 

*  Adventures  of  Peter  Cotton  Tail. 

This  series  contains  about  eighteen  books  of  animal  stories. 
Princess  and  Curdle.    George  McDonald.     Lippincott  Co.,  Philadelphia. 
Davy  and  the  Goblin.   Chas.  E.  Carryl.   Ed.  Stein,  Philadelphia. 

LISTS  OF  BOOKS  FOR  OLDER  PUPILS 

It  is  impossible  to  include  in  the  scope  of   this  bulletin  a  corresponding   list 
of  books  for  upper  grade  pupils.    Numerous  lists  are  available.   Your  own  State 


/^ 


14  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

Library  Commission  probably  issues  one.  Good  lists  may  be  had  in  the  following 

pamphlets,  for  each  of  which  there  may  be  a  small  charge: 

Books  for  Boys  and  Girls.    Published  by  The  Free  Public  Library,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Books  for  Boys.   Same  source. 

One  Thousand  Good  Books  for  Children.   Issued  for  the  New  Jersey  Public  Library 

Commission  by  H.  W.  Wilson  Co.,  New  York  City. 
Minnesota  Library  Books  for  Elementary  and    Rural   Schools.     Department  of 

Education,  St.  Paul. 

The  F.  A.  Owen  Publishing  Co.,  Dansville,  N.  Y.,  and  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 
publishes  350  books,  of  about  thirty-two  pages  each,  for  all  grades,  at  7  cents 
per  copy.  The  list  embraces  industries,  fables  and  myths,  nature,  biography, 
history,  geography,  and  literature. 

The  Educational  Publishing  Company',  Chicago,  issues  a  graded  series  of  Eng- 
lish classics  at  15  cents  each,  or  25  cents  In  cloth  binding. 

The  C.  M.  Parker  Publishing  Company,  Taylorville,  Illinois,  publishes  Penny 
Classics,  eight-page  leaflets,  each  containing  one  or  more  poems  or  prose  selections, 
at  15  cents  a  dozen  or  $1.00  a  hundred,  assorted  as  desired. 

The  Unit  Press,  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  issues  the  Unit  Poems,  single  sheets,  per- 
forated, for  filing  in  notebooks,  at  one  cent  each.  The  poems  they  publish  cover  a 
wide  range. 

Magazines  and  Newspapers 

Desirable  equipment  In  this  class  would  include  at  least  a  good  story  and  gen- 
eral Interest  magazine  for  the  older  pupils,  a  similar  magazine  for  the  primary 
grades,  a  current  events  paper  or  magazine,  and  a  local  newspaper.  It  would  be 
well  to  add  others  of  the  same  kinds,  and  also  magazines  in  a  special  field.  The 
following  list  is  recommended  as  a  basis  of  selection: 
St.   Nicholas.    Story  and  general  interest.    Monthly.    Century  Pub.  Co.,  353 

Fourth  Ave.,  New  York  City.  $3.50. 
Youth's  Companion.    Story  and  general   interest.    Weekly.     Perry  Mason   Co., 

Boston,  Mass.  $2.00. 
Little  Folks.    Story  magazine  for  younger  children.    Monthly.    S.  S.  Cassino, 

Maiden,  Mass. 
Everyland.    Stories  and  articles  for  children  on  life  and  customs  in  other  lands. 

Everyland  Co.,  160  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York  City.  $1.50. 
Popular  Mechanics.    Invention.    Monthly.   6  North  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

$3.00. 
National  Geographical  Magazine.    Illustrations  of  scenes  from  all  lands  and  bird, 

plant,  and  animal  life.    Monthly.    National  Geographical  Society,   Hubbard 

Memorial  Hall,  Washington,  D.  C.   $4.00. 
Independent.    Material  for  debates  on  current  topics.    Weekly.    Independent 

Corporation,    119  West  40th  Street,   New  York  City.     Single  subscriptions. 

$5.00.   Generous  rates  to  clubs. 
Literary  Digest.    Non-partisan  review  of  news  of  the  world.    Weekly.    Funk  & 

Wagnalls  Co.,  New  York  City.   $4.00. 
Current  Events.    Brief  news  items  of  the  week,  compiled  for  school  use.    Weekly. 

Washington,  D.  C.   40  cents. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  1 5 

Pathfinder.   Current  events.   Weekly.   Washington,  D.  C.   $i.oo. 

If  children  are  to  be  benefited  by  books,  they  must  use  books.    Even  with 
careful  handling,  books  wear  out.    Every  teacher  should  have  on  hand  a  supply 
of  material  for  book  mending.  The  older  pupils  can  do  this  work.  The  following 
materials  are  desirable: 
Transparent  Adhesive  Tape.    For  mending  torn  leaves.    ^4  in.  wide  and  15  ft. 

long,  on  spools,  about  5  cents  a  spool;  or 
Transparent  Gummed  Cloth.    In  packages,  1  in.  wide,  12  It.  long;  2  in.  wide,  6 

ft.  long;  3  in.  wide,  4  ft.  long,  25  cents  a  package. 
Opaque  Gummed  Paper.   For  attaching  loose  leaves.    Put  up  in  rolls,  i  in.  wide, 

18  yds.  long,  25  cents  a  roll.   These  and  other  library  supplies  may  be  had  from 

Gaylord  Bros.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Musical  Instruments 

The  Victrola,  Grafonola,  or  some  similar  musical  instrument  is  very  desirable. 
If  such  an  instrument  is  provided,  records  should  be  selected  with  great  care. 
It  is  important  that  the  music  which  children  hear  should  be  of  high  quality. 
Good  lists  are  suggested  in  The  Victrola  in  Rural  Schools,  a  free  publication  of 
the  Educational  Department  of  the  Victor  Talking  Machine  Company,  Camden, 
N.  J.,  and  in  Music  in  the  Rural  Schools,  Literature  and  Music,  and  New  Columbia 
Records  for  Kindergarten  and  Primary  Grades,  free  pamphlets  issued  by  the  Educa- 
tional Dejiartment,  Columbia  Graphaphone  Co.,  Woolworth  Building,  New  York 
City.  The  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  State  Normal  School  issued  March,  1919, 
Bulletin  No.  23,  an  excellent  list  of  "Sixty  Records  that  Children  Should  Hear." 
Ruth  Durheim,  842  Central  Building,  Seattle,  Washington,  is  author  and  publisher 
of  a  manual  on  music  appreciation  which  contains  a  graded  and  classified  list, 
of  phonograph  records  suitable  for  school  use.   Price  of  manual,  60  cents. 

Pictures 

Gross  Picture  Co.,  19th  St.  &  Broadway,  New  York  City,  publishes  Taylor's, 
Jessie  Wilcox  Smith's,  and  similar  pictures. 

Perry  Pictures  Co.  Maiden,  Mass.  publishes  copies  of  masterpieces,  also 
colored  pictures  of  birds,  insects,  etc. 

National  Geographical  Society,  Washington,  D.  C,  issues  sets  of  geographic  or 
nature  study  pictures,  reproduced  from  the  magazine. 

Elson  Art  Publication  Co.,Inc.,Belmont,.Mass.,  publishes  Elson  Picture  Studies, 
at  10  cents  each  or  75  cents  per  dozen  to  schools.  They  also  have  an  educational 
art  exhibition  which  is  loaned  free  to  schools  which  desire  to  raise  funds  to  place 
pictures  on  schoolroom  walls,  on  condition  that  net  proceeds  from  the  exhibition 
be  expended  in  purchasing  pictures  and  frames  from  them. 

Northwestern  School  Supply  Co.,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  issues  a  series  of  Mother 
Goose  pictures  for  charts.  Price,  per  set  of  twelve  pictures,  25  cents. 

MATERIALS   FOR  ENJOYMENT    (HOME   PROCURED) 

I.  Pictures  from  such  magazines  as  The  National  Geographic,  Asia,  or  Travel, 
mounted  on  light  cards  or  stifif  paper. 


1 6  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

2.  Picture  post  cards. 

3.  Old  magazines,  especially  children's  magazines. 

4.  Magazine  covers. 

Such  materials  as  these  are  useful  in  getting  information,  but  they  are  also 
sources  of  sheer  enjoyment.  Children's  pleasure  in  looking  at  pictures  should 
be  gratified  by  keeping  pictures  of  many  kinds  available,  in  envelopes  or  boxes, 
to  be  looked  over  at  will. 

EQUIPMENT   FOR   PROBLEM   SOLVING   (COMMERCIAL) 

Equipment  for  this  purpose  is  needed  more  for  advanced  than  for  primary 
pupils.  A  good  reference  library  is  especially  important,  with  handbooks  in 
various  lines  of  nature-study,  historical  and  geographical  reference  material,  a 
good  dictionary,  maps,  globes,  and  an  encyclopedia  suitable  for  children's  use. 
No  attempt  is  here  made  to  give  a  list  of  this  type  of  material,  except  in  the 
matter  of  encyclopedias  and  dictionaries  for  which  the  following  are  suggested: 

Encyclopedias 

1.  The  World  Book.  1917  edition,  8  volumes  for  $30.  Published  by  Hanson- 
Roach-Fowler  Co.,  Chicago.  1919  edition,  10  volumes  for  $46  cash.  Published 
by  Quarrie  Co.,  104  S.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago.  Probably  the  best  encyclopedia 
for  school  use. 

2.  Appleton's  Young  People's  Encyclopedia.  1916  edition,  6  volumes  for  $8  or 
$9,  Published  by  Appleton  &  Co.  Later  editions  are  more  expensive.  This  is 
suggested  only  in  case  schools  have  but  a  small  amount  to  spend  for  an  encyclo- 
pedia. It  has  no  bibliographies,  poor  cross  references,  and  is  weak  in  illustrations, 
but  withal  is  the  best  to  be  had  for  this  money. 

3.  ChampUn' s  Encyclopedia.  4  volumes,  each  volume  dealing  with  a  special 
topic,  i.e..  Common  Things,  Persons  and  Places,  etc.,  is  to  be  had  at  $3.00  per 
volume.   Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  Publishers. 

Dictionaries 

An  unabridged  dictionary  is  desirable.  The  New  International  and  The  New 
Standard  are  both  particularly  good. 

The  Winston  Dictionary,  i  volume  of  820  pages,  800  illustrations,  bound  in 
extra  cloth,  indexed.  John  C.  Winston  Co.,  1006-1016  Arch  St.,  Philadelphia. 
$2.50. 

This  dictionary  is  especially  mentioned  because  of  its  desirability  and  adap- 
tability for  children's  use.  Good  type,  self-pronouncing,  derivatives  included  in 
text,  and  definitions  selected  for  practical  use. 

OTHER   EQUIPMENT   FOR   PROBLEM    SOLVING 

In  addition  to  books  as  sources  of  information,  a  few  other  articles  of  equipment 
are  desirable.  An  aquarium  and  insect  cages,  or  several  large  glass  jars  which 
will  serve  as  substitutes,  are  needed  for  keeping  insects,  frogs,  or  toads,  and  other 
small  animals  for  observation.   A  small  amount  of  equipment  is  also  desirable  for 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  17 

experiments  with  plants.  Flower  boxes,  flats,  a  cold  frame,  a  hot  bed,  and  simple 
apparatus  for  studying  the  water  content  ot  soil,  are  types  of  such  equipment. 
Most  of  these  articles  may  be  made  in  the  school  by  the  pupils,  but  the  materials 
of  which  they  are  to  be  made  will  need  to  be  supplied.  The  following  pages  give 
sources  of  ready-made  equipment  or  of  directions  for  making  it  in  school. 

Aquaria 

Large  rectangular  or  cylindrical  aquaria  can  be  obtained  from  Whitall  Tatum 
Co.,  46  Barclay  St.,  New  York  City,  and  Boston;  Bausch  &  Lomb  Optical  Com- 
pany, Rochester,  New  York;  or  the  Will  Corporation,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

CYLINDRICAL  AQUARIA 

Diam.,  6  in.,  8}4  in.,  10  in.,  12  in.  Price,  50  cents,  $1.00,  $2.00,  $2.25.  Bausch 
&  Lomb. 

ROUND  BATTERY  JARS^FLINT  GLASS 

5  in.  wide,  7  in.  deep  inside,  46  cents  each,  $4.60  per  doz. ;  6  in.  wide,  8  in. 
deep  inside,  75  cents  each,  $7.30  per  doz.    Whitall  Tatum  Co. 

Aquaria  can  also  be  made  by  the  local  tinsmith,  or  by  anyone  who  can  handle 
the  few  necessary  tools — a  glass  cutter,  tinner's  snips,  pinchers,  a  soldering  iron, 
and  a  carpenter's  square.  For  directions  for  making,  see  Hodge's  Nature  Study 
and  Life,  pp.  394-400. 

Insect  Cages 

A  bottomless  wooden  frame,  covered  with  wire  netting  and  set  in  a  tray  of  damp 
sand  in  which  branches  of  the  food  plant  may  be  stuck,  is  all  that  is  necessary  for 
a  cage  for  large  insects.  For  rearing  insects  use  a  large  glass  fruit  jar,  or  a  glass 
aquarium  in  the  bottom  of  which  are  two  inches  of  clean  moist  sand.  Cheese  cloth 
or  mosquito  netting  may  be  used  for  covers,  fastened  in  place  with  rubber  bands. 

Insect  Nets 

These  are  easily  made  at  home  by  bending  a  heavy  wire  into  a  circle  about  a  foot 
in  diameter,  and  turning  the  ends  of  the  wire  out  like  the  edges  of  the  handle  of  a 
palm-leaf  fan.  An  old  broom  stick  will  serve  as  a  handle.  A  hole  is  bored  in  the 
end  with  a  hot  iron  rod  or  a  small  bit,  and  the  ends  of  the  wire  inserted  and 
fastened  in  firmly  with  pegs  or  nails.  The  net  proper  is  a  cheese-cloth  or  mosquito- 
bar  sack  a  yard  long,  with  one  end  rounded,  and  the  open  end  sewed  firmly  to 
the  wire. 

A  dip  net  is  similarly  made,  but  is  smaller  and  needs  a  fine  meshed  cloth. 

Germinators 

Any  container  with  a  glass  side  or  sides  will  show  the  germination  of  seeds.  Two 
small  strips  of  glass  held  apart  by  narrow  wooden  ends  makes  a  temporary  box 
which  will  serve  the  purpose.  A  sheet  of  glass  may  take  the  place  of  one  side  of  a 
chalk  box  or  other  small  box.  A  tumbler  or  tall  slender  marmalade  glass  will 
answer.  These  are  to  be  filled  with  soil  or  sawdust,  the  seeds  planted  close  to  the 
glass,  and  the  glass  covered  with  opaque  paper  to  give  the  seeds  a  chance  to 
sprout.    Moist  cotton  between  two  sheets  of  glass  may  be  used  in  the  same  way. 


1 8  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

Cold  Frames  and  Hotbeds 

Any  one  who  requires  directions  for  making  these  is  referred  to  Farmer's  Bulle- 
tins 934,  936,  and  937,  and  to  "Gardening  Instructions  for  Club  Members,"  U.  S. 
Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Department  Circular  27.  Sm.all  cold  frames  may  be  made  of 
boxes,  the  upper  edges  of  their  sides  made  slanting  by  erecting  upon  them  a  frame 
of  light  wood  or  even  stiff  cardboard,  with  a  window  pane  or  two  laid  on  slant-wise 
for  a  cover.  These  are  good  to  set  in  a  sunny  window  for  starting  seedlings  in  the 
house,  serving  to  equalize  temperature  and  moisture,  and  to  protect  the  seedlings 
against  mice,  often  an  important  consideration  in  school  germination  of  plants. 

Magnifying  Glass 

A  reading  glass  or  similar  magnifier  is  useful  for  little  children's  study  of  natural 
objects;  a  microscope  is  not  worth  what  it  costs  in  the  usual  elementary  school. 
Magnifying  glasses  may  be  bought  of  Bausch  &  Lomb,  Rochester,  New  York,  at 
prices  ranging  from  75  cents  to  $3.00  each,  and  reading  glasses  from  $1.50  to  $6.00. 

EQUIPMENT  FOR  PRACTICE  (COMMERCIAL) 

Writing  Materials 

1.  Pencils.   See  "Pencils  for  Drawing  and  Writing,"  p.  6. 

2.  Scratch  paper.   Good  quality,  not  too  rough. 

3.  Ink  paper. 

Sign  Markers 

Junior  Sign  Marker  No.  135,  $8.50  per  dozen.  Fulton  Specialty  Co.  Pro- 
curable singly  from  Milton  Bradley  Co.,  $1.10. 

Drill  Cards  for  Reading 

1.  Embeco  Sentence  Builder.   Milton  Bradley  Co.    15  cents  a  box. 

2.  Cards  for  use  with  Elson-Rumkel  Primer  and  Elson  Primary  Readers.  Set  III, 
304  cards  4x8",  containing  all  the  words  in  the  primer,  $3.00.  Set  V,  seat  work 
word  cards  (16  in  set).  Enough  word  repetitions  to  reproduce  all  the  pages  of  the 
primer.   Scott,  Foresman  &  Co.     20  cents. 

3.  Expression  Card  and  Sentence  Builder.  To  accompany  Progressive  Story 
Steps  and  Progressive  Road  to  Reading.  Book  One.  A  card  for  each  basal  story, 
giving  a  reprint  of  the  sentence  in  large  type,  to  be  cut  apart  and  used  for  matching 
and  building.   Milton  Bradley  Co.   7  cents  per  card. 

4.  Rhyme  Cards.  To  accompany  the  Merrill  Readers.  Mother  Goose  rhymes 
and  illustrations.  Group  I,  12  illustrated  cards;  Group  II,  12  rhyme  cards  without 
illustration,  to  be  cut  into  lines;  Group  III,  12  rhyme  cards  (exactly  like  those  of 
Group  II)  to  be  cut  into  phrases.    Chas.  E.  Merrill  Co.   25  cents  each  set  of  12. 

Inquire  of  the  publishers  of  the  readers  in  use  in  your  school  for  similar  cards 
provided  for  practice  on  the  vocabularies  of  their  texts. 

5.  Self-verifying  Busywork.  No.  8036,  Word  matching.  Milton  Bradley  Co. 
25  cents  a  box. 

Similar  cards  may  be  made  by  the  teacher  or  older  pupils  to  fit  the  special  needs 
of  the  school,  if  a  sign  marker  and  oak  tag  or  other  tag  board  are  available.  Pictures 
cut  out  by  the  little  children  may  be  mounted  on  small  cards,  and  words  printed 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  1 9 

to  match  with  them,  the  word  being  printed  also  on  the  back  of  the  card  for  self- 
verifying.  Where,  however,  the  material  needed  can  be  bought  ready  printed,  it 
is  more  economical  to  buy  it.  Hand  printing  takes  much  time,  and  time  is  valu- 
able. One  supervisor  has  found  it  possible  to  have  the  word  cards  needed  for  her 
schools  printed  by  the  local  newspaper  print  shop. 

Booklets  containing  the  children's  accounts  of  their  own  experiences  may  be 
printed  or  hectographed,  and  make  excellent  reading  material.  There  is  no 
commercial  substitute  for  this  sort  of  reading  material. 

Drill  Material  for  Arithmetic 

1.  Colored  Tablets  for  Number  work.  Pasteboard  tablets  one  inch  in  diameter, 
loo  circular  and  lOO  square,  assorted  colors.  40  cents  per  box.   Milton  Bradley  Co. 

2.  Cubical  Counting  Blocks.  Milton  Bradley  Co.  100  plain  wooden  i  inch 
cubes,  in  paper  box,  70  cents. 

3.  Parish's  Primary  Tablets.  Milton  Bradley  Co.  Set  A.  Twenty  tablets 
showing  number  combinations  by  means  of  groups  of  colored  dots. 

4.  Embeco  Perception  Cards.   Milton  Bradley  Co.  6}i''xio''.  60  cents  per  box. 

5.  Model  Store  Equipment.  Free.  Address  Educational  Foundations,  31-33 
East  27th  St.,  New  York  City. 

6.  Educational  Toy  Money.  Milton  Bradley  Co.  No.  4009,  40  cents  per  box; 
No.  8050,  1000  pieces,  assorted,  $1.00  per  box. 

Practice  Exercises  in  Arithmetic 

1.  Studebaker  Economy  Practice  Exercises  in  Arithmetic.  Set  B — Two,  for 
pupils  of  grades  four  to  eight  inclusive,  in  rural  schools.  Supplies  eighteen  pupils. 
Boxed,  $7.50.  Set  B — Three,  for  smaller  rural  schools.  Supplies  nine  pupils. 
In  manila  envelope,  $3.50.   Scott,  Foresman  &  Co.,  New  York. 

2.  Courtis  Standard  Practice  Tests  in  Arithmetic.  Cabinet  II,  for  a  class  of 
24  pupils  of  grades  4  to  8  inclusive,  $7.00.  Cabinet  III,  for  12  pupils,  $2.75. 
World  Book  Co.,  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  and  Chicago. 

Outline  Maps  for  Geography  or  History 

I.  The  Lincoln  Geographical  Series,  8  x  10^4  inches.  Atkinson,  Mentzer  &  Co., 
New  York  &  Chicago.   $1.00  per  100. 

The  Talisman  Outline  Maps,  for  history  work.  Atkinson,  Mentzer  &  Co., 
$1.00  per  100. 

The  McKinley  Series  of  Geographical  and  Historical  Outline  Maps,  7^4  x  10 
inches,  McKinley  Publishing  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  $1.00  per  100. 

This  company  also  publishes  Wall  Outline  Maps,  at  about  15  cents  or  20  cents 
each. 

EQUIPMENT   FOR   PRACTICE    (HOMEMADE) 

Much  of  the  above  materials,  like  the  reading  cards,  may  be  made  by  the  teacher 
or  pupils,  if  oak  tag  and  a  printing  outfit  are  provided.  Other  home  material 
may  be  used.  Wheat  or  oat  straw,  cut  into  measured  lengths,  is  good  for  counting. 
Acorn  cups,  pebbles,  shells,  and  large  seeds,  such  as  corn  or  melon,  also  make 
good  counters.  Figures  cut  from  calendar  pads  serve  many  purposes  which  will 
suggest  themselves  to  the  ingenious  teacher  or  to  wide-awake  children. 


20  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

GAMES    FOR    SCHOOL    USE    (COMMERCIAL) 

Indoor  Games 

,1.  Blocks.  Froebel's  5th  and  6th  gifts  (consisting  of  inch  cubes,  and  of  blocks 
two  inches  long,  an  inch  wide,  and  half  an  inch  thick,  and  the  same  divided  length- 
wise and  crosswise)  may  be  had  in  bulk  in  any  quantities,  at  prices  much  below 
the  cost  per  box,  which  is  60  cents  for  39  blocks  of  the  fifth  gift  and  60  cents  for 
38  of  the  second  Milton  Bradley  Co. 

The  Hills  blocks,  or  any  assortment  of  them,  may  be  had  of  the  Schoenhut 
Co.,  Philadelphia. 

2.  Dominoes.  Jack  straws.  Checkers.  These  may  be  had  as  cheap  as  10  cents 
a  game.  Better  qualities  may  be  obtained  of  F.  A.  O.  Schwartz  or  any  other  toy 
dealer. 

3.  Parchesi.  A  good  game  for  drill  in  number  combinations.  Cost,  about  75 
cents  to  $1.00. 

4.  Cardboard  Anagrams.   F.  A.  O.  Schwartz.    No.  309,  25  cents. 

5.  Logomachy.   F.  A.  O.  Schwartz.   65  cents. 

6.  Addition  and  Subtraction.   F.  A.  O.  Schwartz.   35  cents. 

7.  Lotto.  There  are  various  lotto  games — the  original,  which  consists  in 
matching  numbers;  geographical  lotto,  matching  names  of  cities  to  maps  of 
sections  of  the  United  States;  fairytale  lotto,  matching  numbers  and  at  the 
same  time  building  a  puzzle  picture.  These  may  be  had  for  65  cents  each  from 
F.  A.  O.  Schwartz. 

8.  Sliced  birds  and  animals,  picture  puzzles,  cut-up  maps.  A  few  such  puzzles 
are  desirable.    Prices  range  from  10  or  15  cents  up. 

9.  Quoits  or  Ring  Toss.  Pitch-em,  a  game  of  quoits  with  horse  shoes  of  rubber. 
$1.00.  Deck  Ring  Toss,  No.  608,  with  7  in.  rings,  single  set,  $1.00.  F.  A.  O. 
Schwartz. 

10.  Bean  bag.   F.  A.  O.  Schwartz. 

11.  Tenpins.    F.  A.  O.  Schwartz.     $i.25andup. 

12.  Educational  Card  Games.  Flags,  Birds,  Authors,  Arithmetic  Games,  etc. 
Northwestern  School  Supply  Co. 

Other  desirable  games  may  often  be  found  in  ten-cent  stores  at  Christmas  time. 

Playground  Equipment 

The  United  States  Bureau  of  Education  has  issued  a  bulletin.  Rural  School 
Playgrounds  and  Equipment,  recommending  as  minimum  essentials  for  the  play- 
ground of  the  average  one-room  school,  two  playground  baseballs,  two  playground 
baseball  bats,  one  pair  jumping  standards,  one  sand  pile,  two  see-saws,  two 
swings,  one  turning  bar,  and  one  volley  ball,  net,  and  posts.  Other  desirable 
equipment  is  also  mentioned.  The  bulletin  is  Teachers'  Leaflet  No.  11,  October, 
1920.  Athletic  equipment  of  all  kinds  may  be  obtained  from  A.  G.  Spalding  & 
Bros.,  Inc.,  Chicopee,  Mass. 

HOMEMADE   GAME   MATERIALS 
No  price  is  given  for  the  bean  bag  game,  for  it  may  be  better  made  at  school. 
Real  horseshoes  may  be  used  for  an  out-of-door  game  of  quoits.    Ringtoss  is  a 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  21 

more  worthwhile  game  if  there  are  three  sizes  of  rings,  each  with  its  own  value, 
the  smallest  counting  most  when  thrown  over  the  post.  These  rings  may  be  made 
of  rope  by  any  one  who  knows  how  to  splice. 

For  tenpins  may  be  substituted  wooden  or  heavy  cardboard  soldiers.  One 
family  of  children  enjoyed  hours  of  pleasure  with  folded  paper  "chickens"  or  "birds" 
used  instead  of  tenpins. 

Checker  boards  and  anagram  cards  may  be  made  at  school. 

Cut-up  birds,  animals,  maps,  and  other  puzzle  pictures  may  all  be  school  or 
homemade,  by  first  pasting  the  picture  on  stiff  card  or  tag  board,  and  allowing  it 
to  dry  under  a  weight  to  keep  it  from  warping,  after  which  it  may  be  cut  up  with 
a  sharp  knife. 

The  game  of  joining  dots  into  squares,  requires  only  a  pencil  for  each  player  and 
a  sheet  of  paper. 

A  phonics  game  on  the  general  order  of  Old  Maid,  may  be  made  and  played  by 
the  children.  Use  small  blank  cards  the  size  of  library  cards.  On  one  card  print 
a  single  letter,  as  M.  On  the  next  paste  the  picture  of  some  object  whose  name 
begins  with  M,  and  print  the  name  beneath  the  picture,  as  man.  Make  similar 
pairs  of  cards  for  every  letter.  Let  X  be  the  old  maid  letter,  for  which  there  is  no 
mate.   Other  such  games  may  be  worked  out  by  teachers  or  pupils. 

Various  other  playthings  are  within  the  children's  own  power  to  construct. 
Paper  dolls  may  be  cut  from  fashion  books  or  drawn  and  painted.  Cloth  dolls 
may  be  stuffed  with  newspaper  torn  into  bits.  The  foot  of  a  stocking,  white  or 
black,  makes  a  fine  doll.  Doll  furniture  may  be  made  of  wood  or  card  board, 
doll  dishes  molded  of  clay  and  painted.  Marbles  may  also  be  made  of  clay,  as 
may  beads  for  stringing.  The  children  in  a  country  school  experimented  with 
baking  their  clay  jars  and  tablets  inside  the  school  heater.  They  laid  a  plowshare 
on  top  the  red  coals  and  placed  the  articles  to  be  baked  on  this.  Fairly  satis- 
factory results  were  obtained. 

Reins  may  be  knitted  on  spools,  balls  made  of  gloves  or  stockings  and  stuffed 
with  shredded  paper.  Boats  may  be  whittled  or  made  of  folded  newspaper. 
Newspaper  also  affords  material  for  kites  and  soldier  caps.  In  the  making  of 
these  and  other  toys  will  come  opportunity  for  much  of  the  desirable  constructive 
activity  of  the  schools. 

HOW  MUCH  EQUIPMENT  SHOULD  A  SCHOOL  HAVE? 

Anyone  who  knows  the  typical  barrenness  of  the  rural  school  is 
likely  to  consider  the  equipment  suggestions  of  the  preceding  pages 
as  extravagant  or  impossible.  They  are  probably  neither.  They 
omit  many  articles  frequently  found  in  city  schools  and  sometimes 
in  rural  schools,  such  as  a  typewriter,  a  stereopticon  or  projec- 
toscope,  stereoscopes,  a  moving  picture  projector,  and  others,  all 
of  which  perhaps  ought  to  be  in  the  county  superintendent's  ofiEice 
for  transportation  from  school  to  school,  if  not  in  every  individual 
school.   Any  teacher  who  is  capable  of  seeing  that  her  pupils  make 


22  TEACHERS  COLLEGE  BULLETIN 

profitable  use  of  them  is  entirely  within  reason  to  ask  for  any- 
thing mentioned  in  these  pages.  It  would,  of  course,  be  fooHsh  to 
put  all  this  equipment  in  charge  of  a  teacher  so  ignorant  and  care- 
less that  she  would  let  it  get  broken,  lost,  or  out  of  order  from  disuse. 
Suitable  storage  closets,  cabinets,  etc.,  would  be  required  to  take 
proper  care  of  it,  and  the  children  would  need  to  be  taught  to 
assume  responsibility  in  using  and  caring  for  it.  All  these  things 
are  granted.  But  does  granting  them  mean  that  the  material  should 
not  be  provided,  or  that  some  other  conditions  of  the  school  badly 
need  changing? 

The  following  significant  statement  is  quoted  from  a  letter  to 
his  superintendent  written  by  the  upper  grade  teacher  of  a  two- 
teacher  school:  "Like  you,  I  am  convinced  that  the  new  way  of 
teaching  is  better  than  the  old.  However,  when  I  attempt  to  depart 
from  the  old  way,  I  find  that  in  many  cases  the  equipment  of  the 
school  does  not  lend  itself  to  the  new.  The  rural  schools  have  been 
equipped  for  the  old  method  .  .  .  Personally,  I  find  it  most  diffi- 
cult to  depart  from  the  old,  and  when  I  attempt  it,  I  find  the  equip- 
ment problem  a  serious  obstacle."  This  teacher  has  put  his  finger 
on  an  essential  fact.  The  "old  way"  was  largely  rehearsal  of  facts 
from  text-book  statements.  For  this  kind  of  work  little  more  is 
needed  than  text-books.  The  "new  method"  is  bound  up  with 
activity,  with  living,  and  the  traditional  school  room  has  very 
little  connection  with  life  activity. 

More  is  demanded  of  schools  to-day  than  ever  before,  and  schools 
are  much  more  expensive  enterprises  than  in  the  old  days.  Teachers' 
salaries,  even  now  but  a  meager  wage,  are  yet  double  or  treble  what 
they  once  were.  Rural  school  buildings  in  the  last  few  years  have 
cost  as  much  as  $7,500  for  a  single  room.  Is  it  good  economy  to  put 
several  thousand  dollars  into  a  building  to  use  as  as  school,  pay  a 
teacher  a  thousand  dollars  a  year  to  teach  in  it,  and  then  make  both 
inefTective  for  lack  of  a  few  hundred  dollars  additional  spent  on 
equipment?  It  is  like  buying  an  automobile  and  hiring  a  chauffeur, 
but  refusing  to  furnish  gas  and  oil,  or  doing  without  spark  plugs 
and  magneto  points.  Or  it  is  like  employing  a  secretary  and  balking 
at  the  purchase  of  a  typewriter,  multigraph,  or  files. 

With  these  considerations  in  mind,  the  following  theses  are  ofi'ered 
as  criteria  to  aid  in  determining  how  much  and  what  educational 
equipment  it  is  reasonable  to  expect  a  school  to  provide: 


RURAL  SCHOOL  EQUIPMENT  23 

I.  An  educative  environment  is  one  of  the  three  essentials  of 
any  good  school;  the  other  two  being  wise  objectives,  always 
guiding,  and  skilled  teaching.  The  objectives  furnish  the  end,  the 
environment  the  means,  teaching  skill  utilizes  the  one  to  further  the 
other.    All  three  are  essential  to  highest  efificiency. 

II.  The  educational  function  of  the  environment  is  twofold;  (i) 
education  through  impression,  (2)  education    through   expression. 

1.  Education  through  impression.  Much  of  one's  taste  and 
appreciation,  one's  standards  of  values,  is  the  outcome  of  accus- 
tomedness.  It  is  important,  therefore,  that  the  envi'-onment,  both 
natural  and  artificial,  be  such  as  to  develop  good  standards  (beau- 
tiful, not  ugly;  refined,  not  crude;  orderly,  not  unkempt;  clean, 
not  dirty;  convenient,  not  inconvenient;  rich,  not  barren;  suited 
to  purpose,  not  unsuited). 

2.  Education  through  expression.  Growth  comes  through 
experience,  largely  active  participation.  It  is  essential,  therefore, 
that  the  environment,  both  natural  and  artificial,  be  such  as  to 
provide  opportunity  for  a  wide  range  of  desirable  experiences,  to 
stimulate  to  educative  activity,  and  to  afford  means  for  the  exe- 
cution of  projects. 

III.  That  equipment  is  minimal: 

1.  Which  is  essential  for  the  execution  of  projects  that  are 
fairly  sure  to  recur  from  year  to  year. 

2.  Which  suggests  or  provides  means  for  projects  whose  occur- 
rence is  desired. 

(In  general,  the  rural  school  should  at  least  equal  a  good  rural 
home  in  the  opportunities  for  educative  activity  which  it  affords.) 

3.  Which  conforms  to  a  standard  of  living  that  is  at  least  in 
harmony  with  the  best  standards  prevalent  in  the  community. 

(It  should  go  without  saying  that  the  environment  must  safe- 
guard the  physical,  mental,  and  moral  health  of  the  pupils.) 

IV.  Equipment  should  be  provided  from  the  regular  school 
funds,  unless  it  is  demonstrably  better,  from  the  standpoint  of 
educational  value  as  well  as  economy  of  money,  for  the  pupils  to 
find  it  for  themselves.  In  no  case  is  it  the  function  of  the  teacher 
to  provide  or  raise  funds  for  the  purchase  of  equipment. 

V.  It  is  recommended  that  each  school  be  allowed  a  definite 
reasonable  sum  each  year  for  the  purchase  of  equipment  for  other 
desirable  projects  which  may  arise,  the  administration  of  this  budget 
to  be  a  project  for  the  pupils  under  the  guidance  of  the  teacher. 

65202 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


OCT  21  1935 

2  7  1936 

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AA    001  196  953    2 


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